Reglamento Municipal de Beneficencia y Sanidad, Elche 1928 / Regulamento Municipal de Caridade e Saúde, Elche 1928 / Municipal Regulation of Charity and Health, Elche 1928

The health policy of Primo de Rivera elaborated a regulatory legal body to protect the needyclasses that attended to their needs; the increase in health activity led to the creation of a large number ofcare institutions as well as professional health professionals involved in its development. Objectives: theresearch aims to analyze the practical application of the municipal Health and Welfare Regulations of thecity of 1928 and, on the other hand, its impact on the social life of the underprivileged class. Method: ahistorical research based on the literature review was carried out. Documentary sources: documentarycatalogs of libraries and documentary archives, electronic databases, catalogs of magazines specializingin history and other online sources. Descriptors used: midwife, practitioner, doctor, pharmacist, census ofthe poor. Results: documents from studies based on primary sources were included in the analysis and theresults are presented in 4 sections: The Municipal Regulation of 1928, Pharmacists and medicines forpoor patients, Doctors and practitioners and Midwives, midwives and childbirth teachers. Conclusion: theRegulation is applied long before its publication and health care is constantly exercised by all theprofessionals that comprise it; the number of practitioners is equal to that of doctors in this period; theCity Council is responsible for paying pharmaceuticals for poor patients to pharmacists and is distributedby quarters; With regard to doctors, and since 1924, sufficient places have been created for the demand ofthe poor, which will increase, as well as possible substitutes; the creation of the dental clinic for the poorin the Santo Hospital in 1930 is included; in 1928 and 1929 there are 4 matrons for the four districts ofthe city, following the legislation; In 1930 the municipal midwives received an annual salary increasefrom 720 to 900 pesetas from the town council. (AU)

La política sanitaria de Primo de Rivera elaboró un cuerpo legal reglamentario para proteger a lasclases menesterosas que atendía sus necesidades; el aumento de la actividad sanitaria supuso la creaciónde un gran número de instituciones asistenciales así como de sanitarios profesionales implicados en sudesarrollo. Objetivos: la investigación tiene por objetivos analizar la aplicación práctica del Reglamentomunicipal de Sanidad y Beneficencia de la ciudad de 1928 y, por otra parte, su repercusión en la vidasocial de la clase menesterosa. Método: se llevó a cabo una investigación histórica basada en la revisiónbibliográfica. Fuentes documentales: catálogos documentales de bibliotecas y archivos documentales,bases de datos electrónicas, catálogos de revistas especializadas en historia y otras fuentes de red.Descriptores utilizados: matrona, practicante, médico, farmacéutico, padrón de pobres. Resultados: en elanálisis se incluyeron documentos procedentes de estudios basados en fuentes primarias y los resultadosse presentan en 4 apartados: El Reglamento municipal de 1928, Farmacéuticos y medicamentos paraenfermos pobres, Médicos y practicantes y Matronas, comadronas y profesoras de partos. Conclusión: elReglamento se aplica mucho antes de su publicación y la asistencia sanitaria es ejercida de maneraconstante por todos los profesionales que la integran; el número de practicantes se equipara al de médicosen este período; el Ayuntamiento se hace cargo del pago de medicamentos para enfermos pobres a losfarmacéuticos y se reparte por trimestres; respecto a los médicos, y desde 1924, se van creando plazassuficientes para la demanda del padrón de pobres, que irá en aumento, así como posibles suplentes; seincluye la creación del gabinete odontológico para pobres en el Santo Hospital en 1930; en 1928 y 1929hay 4 matronas para los cuatro distritos de la ciudad, siguiendo la legislación; en 1930 las matronasmunicipales reciben un aumento. (AU)

A política de saúde de Primo de Rivera elaborou um órgão legal regulador para proteger asclasses carentes que atendiam às suas necessidades; O aumento da atividade de saúde levou à criação deum grande número de instituições assistenciais, bem como de profissionais de saúde envolvidos no seudesenvolvimento. Objetivos: a pesquisa visa analisar a aplicação prática do Regulamento Municipal deSaúde e Previdência da cidade de 1928 e, por outro lado, seu impacto na vida social da classe menosfavorecida. Método: foi realizada uma pesquisa histórica com base na revisão de literatura. Fontesdocumentais: catálogos documentais de bibliotecas e arquivos documentais, bases de dados eletrônicas,catálogos de revistas especializadas em história e outras fontes online. Descritores utilizados: parteira,praticante, médico, farmacêutico, censo dos pobres. Resultados: foram incluídos na análise documentosde estudos baseados em fontes primárias e os resultados são apresentados em 4 seções: O RegulamentoMunicipal de 1928, Farmacêuticos e medicamentos para doentes pobres, Médicos e praticantes eParteiras, parteiras e professoras de parto.Conclusão: o Regulamento é aplicado muito antes de suapublicação e a assistência à saúde é exercida constantemente por todos os profissionais que o compõem; onúmero de praticantes é igual ao de médicos nesse período; a Câmara Municipal é responsável pelopagamento dos medicamentos dos doentes pobres aos farmacêuticos e é distribuído por trimestres; Noque diz respeito aos médicos, e desde 1924, foram criadas vagas suficientes para a procura dos pobres,que irá aumentar, bem como eventuais substitutos; inclui-se a criação da clínica odontológica para pobresno Hospital Santo em 1930; em 1928 e 1929 há 4 matronas para os quatro bairros da cidade, seguindo alegislação; Em 1930, as parteiras municipais receberam um aumento salarial anual de 720 para 900pesetas da câmara municipal. (AU)

Kahler v. Kansas and the Constitutionality of the Mens Rea Approach to Insanity.

In 1995, the Kansas legislature adopted what is referred to as the "mens rea approach" and abolished the affirmative insanity defense. This approach allows a defendant to be acquitted who lacks the requisite mental state for the crime, without consideration of the defendant's understanding of wrongfulness. In Kahler v. Kansas, the U.S. Supreme Court recently held that this restrictive approach does not violate due process and that a state is not required to adopt an insanity test which considers a defendant's moral capacity at the time of the crime. Four other states currently follow the mens rea approach, or some form of it. In this article, we first discuss a brief history of insanity defense laws in the United States. We then outline relevant legislative history and precedent in Kansas and other states that have adopted the mens rea approach. We next discuss the Supreme Court's reasoning in Kahler The significance of this test is further discussed, including Eighth Amendment considerations. We advocate for continued education of the public, legislators, and the judiciary regarding the use, application, and necessity of an affirmative insanity defense.

Guns, germs, and public history: A conversation with Jennifer Tucker.

In this wide-ranging conversation, historians David Serlin (UC San Diego) and Jennifer Tucker (Wesleyan University) discuss the role of material culture and visual media in shaping how museums communicate histories of science and technology. Tucker describes recent a public history project focused on 19th-century histories of firearms and gun regulation in light of contemporary debates about the Second Amendment "right to bear arms." Serlin and Tucker conclude by speculating about possible curatorial directions for a future public history exhibit focused on the social and cultural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020.

Historic tobacco legislation in Israel: a moment to celebrate.

BACKGROUND: Israel was once a leader in tobacco control, but fell behind other countries, particularly during the past decade, as smoking rates stagnated. TEXT: Landmark tobacco control legislation, which banned advertising (with the exception of the print press) and limited marketing, was passed in Israel on Dec. 31rst, 2018. The changes occurred following years of attempts which culminated in successful last-minute efforts to promote the legislation just before the early disbanding of the 20th Knesset (Israeli Parliament). Regulations concerning marketing and advertising were substantially strengthened to address all tobacco, nicotine and smoking products. Digital media was included for the first time. Electronic cigarettes, which were previously largely unregulated, now fall under existing tobacco legislation. The changes overcame intense opposition from the tobacco lobby, and occurred despite the fact that the basic elements for prevention policy postulated by the Richmond model were not in place. CONCLUSIONS: This legislation represents an important and long-awaited change in Israeli tobacco control policy. Many deficiencies in existing tobacco control regulation were overcome, and some measures went beyond current international regulations. The cohesive partnership between legislators, public health organizations and professionals, advocacy groups, academia, and leading journalists was critical to this success. The progress was lauded by the World Health Organization with its highest award for tobacco control, which was presented to Smoke Free Israel. This case study provides important lessons for up-to-date tobacco control policy, in the age of rapid global changes in the tobacco, vaping and nicotine landscape.

Republication of The Technology-Related Assistance to Individuals with Disabilities Act: Relevance to Individuals with Learning Disabilities and Their Advocates.

Assistive technology (AT) was recognized by Congress as a viable need for people with disabilities when it passed the Tech Act in 1988. The legislation, which was reauthorized in 1994, has resulted in numerous programs and services that have helped people with disabilities access and use AT devices. The Tech Act's implications for people with learning disabilities is discussed in this article.

Douglas MacKay, ND: Defining the Regulatory Landscape for Hemp-based Supplements.

No Abstract Available.

The Roman Catholic Church: A Centuries Old History of Awareness of Clerical Child Sexual Abuse (from the First to the 19th Century).

Debates in international forums and in mainstream media on the role, responsibility, liability, and response of ecclesiastical authorities of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) toward clerical child sexual abuse (cCSA) fail to take into account the historical roots and awareness of the problem. Reports also fail to mention the historic organizational laws RCC developed over centuries. In contrast, RCC documents evidence that the Catholic Church not only carried century's old history of cCSA, but also repeatedly condemned cCSA by successive papal authorities, organizational laws, and institutional management mechanisms. During the first millennium, however, church laws remained confined to the bookshelves and were not converted into appropriate management policies and infrastructural models. This was largely due to the absence of a central administrative organizational structure, which developed later in the 12th century, following the Second Council of Lateran (1139) when the Papacy asserted its authority to establish administrative control over the organizational church. It was only then that management policies started to be framed and institutional structures enacted to deal more appropriately with cCSA from the 14th to 20th centuries. Despite this, RCC developed a culture of secrecy using clandestine organizational management models and institutional laws prescribed in 1568, 1622, 1741, 1866, 1922, and 1962 which aimed to manage cCSA. The current study traces reported cCSA as far back as the first century and critically examines the organizational laws, and institutional policies developed by RCC to address clerical sexual misconduct up to the end of the 19th century.

Sexualidad y anticoncepción en la periferia española durante la transición democrática: Los Centros Asesores de la Mujer y la Familia en la Región de Murcia (1980-1982) / Sexuality and contraception in the Spanish periphery during the democratic transition: Advice Centers for Women and Families in the Region of Murcia (1980-1982)

En los últimos años del franquismo y durante la transición democrática se produjo en España una fuerte actividad a favor de la legalización de los métodos anticonceptivos, prohibidos en España desde 1941, y del desarrollo de infraestructuras que facilitaran su accesibilidad a las mujeres. Una de las características de este proceso fue la interacción entre los intereses de carácter social y político (feministas, democráticos, pro derechos humanos) y científico-sanitarios que confluyeron en él, así como la creación de centros de planificación familiar caracterizados por una gran diversidad regional en cuanto a su origen, desarrollo y consolidación. La investigación que se propone pretende analizar en qué medida los centros de planificación familiar creados en Murcia, una región donde la Iglesia Católica ha ocupado un lugar central en la sociedad, contribuyeron a la expansión de los derechos de las mujeres a la salud, al conocimiento de sus cuerpos y de su sexualidad. De modo particular, este trabajo se centra en los Centros Asesores de la Mujer y la Familia, dispositivos puestos en marcha por el Consejo Regional Murciano en 1980 y vigentes hasta 1982. La existencia de un feminismo organizado e independiente de los partidos políticos jugó un papel relevante en las prácticas de estos centros, más allá de permitir el acceso de las mujeres de amplios sectores sociales a la anticoncepción. La estrecha vinculación entre las organizaciones feministas y el movimiento de mujeres con los Centros Asesores posibilitó la transferencia de determinados conocimientos y prácticas del movimiento de salud de las mujeres a estos centros, que los difundieron a su vez, mediante estrategias educativas, a mujeres de las clases populares

During the last years of Francoism and Spain's transition to democracy, a social movement emerged to promote the legalization and mainstreaming of contraceptive methods (prohibited in Spain since 1941). One of the key features of this process was the interaction of social, political, scientific, and healthcare interests pursued by participants in the afore mentioned movement, which included feminists, human rights and pro-democracy activists, and medical professionals. Another feature was the creation of family planning centers characterized by a wide regional diversity in their origin, development, and consolidation. This study analyzes the ways in which family planning centers in Murcia, a region where the Catholic Church has played a central role in society, contributed to the expansion of the health rights of women, their knowledge of their own bodies, and their sexuality. This paper focuses on the Advice Centers for Women and Families created by the Regional Council of Murcia in 1980, which were active until 1982. The existence of an organized feminist movement that was independent from political parties played an important role in the practices of these centers, which went far beyond offering contraceptive methods to working-class women. The close connection between feminist organizations and the Advice Centers allowed for the transfer of specific knowledge and practices linked to the women’s health movement, which were in turn disseminated amongst working-class women

Burn Injuries: Prevention, Advocacy, and Legislation.

Each year in the United States and Canada, thousands of individuals seek medical care for a burn injury. Some individuals are burned significantly enough they require treatment at specialized burn care facilities. Most of these injuries are preventable. This article presents an historical perspective related to burn prevention and elements of successful burn prevention programs and explores ways in which the plastic surgeon can promote burn prevention through education, advocacy, and the legislative process. Prevention efforts undertaken by the surgeon can increase awareness, ensure a safe environment, and reduce burn injuries.

Where do we stand?

This president's column provides the current position of the Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) in reference to the law passed in North Carolina on March 23, 2016, limiting the civil rights of LGBTQ people. This law troubles the CFHA deeply. This is an organization that promotes collaborative patient- and family-centered care. It currently celebrates diversity and rejects discrimination in any form. After considerable thought and review of alternative actions, the Board of CFHA determined that our best course is to proceed with plans for an annual conference in Charlotte, a city that has attempted to strengthen legal protection of the rights of its LGBTQ citizens. CFHA will use this opportunity to demonstrate our support for inclusion and cultural competence by convening a robust and timely conversation about the underlying issues raised by House Bill 2 and our role as collaborative care professionals. (PsycINFO Database Record

A Policy Analysis of Smoke-Free Legislation in Kentucky.

This article presents a policy analysis of proposed smoke-free legislation in Kentucky during the 2015 General Assembly. Kingdon's three streams model of agenda setting is used to analyze the failure to pass HB145. Secondhand smoke exposure and related deaths are a significant public health problem in Kentucky, a state with one of the highest smoking rates in the U.S. HB145, a comprehensive smoke-free bill, was designed to protect workers and the general public from secondhand smoke and e-cigarette aerosol in enclosed workplaces and public places, with few exemptions. The bill faced intense criticism from opponents who were concerned about violation of personal and business rights and the belief that the decision should be addressed on a local level. HB145 passed the House with amendments but failed to receive a hearing in the Senate. Failure of the smoke-free legislation was due to partisanship, fragmentation of advocacy groups, lack of political bargaining, and conflict of values. As in past years, the policy window did not open for state smoke-free legislation in 2015.